<idealism, romanticism, ethics, moral philosophy>, <metaphysics, Kant, reality, noumenal self, epistemology>, <Schelling, philosophy of religion, nationalism> German philosopher (1762-1814). In Versuch einer Kritik aller Offenbarung (Critique of all Revelation) (1792) Fichte turned the critical philosophy of Kant into full-fledged idealism by emphasizing the metaphysical reality of the noumenal self as well as its moral autonomy. His amplification of this theme in Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre (Foundations of the Science of Knowledge) (1794-95) and Darstellung der Wissenschaftslehre (Outlines of the Doctrine of Knowledge) (1810) greatly influenced Schelling and Hegel. Die Bestimmung des Menschen (The Vocation of Man) (1800) is Fichte's effort to defend himself against the charge of atheism. Fichte encouraged the development of German nationalism in opposition to Napoleonic threats in Der geschlossene Handelsstaat (The Closed Commercial State) (1800) and Reden an die deutsche Nation (Speeches to the German Nation) (1808). Recommended Reading: Fichtes Werke, ed. by Immanuel H. Fichte (de Gruyter, 1971); George J. Seidel, Fichte's Wissenschaftslehre of 1794: A Commentary on Part I (Purdue, 1993); Gunter Zoller, Fichte's Transcendental Philosophy: The Original Duplicity of Intelligence and Will (Cambridge, 1998); and Frederick Neuhouser, Fichte's Theory of Subjectivity (Cambridge, 1990).
[A Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names]
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