<history of philosophy, biography> english politician and philosopher (1561-1626). Bacon became Lord Chancellor of England in 1618, but was driven immediately from office under charges of official corruption. As an early empiricist, he rejected scholastic accounts of the natural world in favor of a new method for achieving knowledge, based exclusively on careful observation and cautious induction, which he described in The Advancement of Learning (1605) and Novum Organum ( New Organon) (1620). Bacon warned that effective reasoning must be freed from the "idolatrous" influence of personal interest, human nature, social conventions, and academic philosophy. In The New Atlantis (1626), Bacon described the far-reaching social consequences of his epistemological program. Bacon's Essays (1601) address the whole range of his philosophical and social interests. Recommended Reading: Selected Philosophical Works, ed. by Rose-Mary Sargent (Hackett, 1999); The Cambridge Companion to Bacon, ed. by Markku Peltonen (Cambridge, 1996); and Stephen Gaukroger, Francis Bacon and the Transformation of Early Modern Philosophy (Cambridge, 2001).
[A Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names]
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<history of philosophy, biography> english philosopher (1214-1292) who translated many Aristotelean treatises from Arabic into Latin. Although passionately interested in alchemy and magic, Roger defended reliance upon mathematics and experimental methods for the improvement of human knowledge generally and theological understanding in particular in the Opus Maius (Greater Work) (1267) and On Experimental Science (1268). His novel educational doctrines were supposed to violate the condemnation of 1277, and much of Roger's later work, including the Compendium Studii Theologiae (1292) was suppressed. Recommended Reading: Roger Bacon's Philosophy of Nature, tr. by David C. Lindberg (St. Augustine, 1997) and Stewart C. Easten, Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science (Greenwood, 1984).
[A Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names]
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